Unconditioned Response And Conditioned Response Physical Education Essay

Unconditioned Response And Conditioned Response Physical Education Essay As indicated by Pavlov, explicit terms start to be utilized to portray molding, for example, unconditioned reaction and adapted reaction. In light of Ivan Pavlovs explore, the regular reaction to nourishment for a canine is to salivate. This is called unconditioned reaction (UCR) to the unconditioned improvement (UCS), which for this situation is the food. At that point, an unbiased boost (NS; ringer) goes with the procedure. By rehashing this procedure, there will be an adapted reaction (CR) of salivating with the insignificant sound of the ringer. Thusly the clicking boost presently has become molded improvement (CS), which can draw an adapted reaction. As indicated by Martin and Pear (2005), there are a few highlights that expansion the viability of traditional molding. One of it is that there must be different pairings just between the CS and the UCS so as to build the effectives of the CS to incite reaction from the CR (most elevated intensity). In addition, the CS and UCS must be upgrades that are introduced in its greatest force with the goal that the molding will be more grounded. Morsella (2010) clarifies that old style molding can be found around us from the time we were conceived. She depicts that the loving we have for food that looks fake and doesn't have any scent, for example, candies and specific kinds of confections are because of the impacts of traditional molding. Another use of traditional molding is to treat little children and grown-ups with Enuresis, and overseeing fear utilizing foundational desensitization in psychotherapy. Aside from that, old style molding is likewise appropriate in the publicizing part. The utilization of the standards of old style molding in the three areas will be additionally talked about in this paper. One of the most pioneer commitments of old style molding in the clinical setting is to treat kids and grown-ups who are experiencing enuresis. As per Gross and Dornbush (1983) one type of enuresis that is basic among kids who are somewhere in the range of 5 and 14 years old is nighttime enuresis, influencing for the most part young men than young ladies. They clarified that nighttime enuresis is the demonstration of steady bed-wetting around evening time during rest notwithstanding being potty prepared. This conduct is viewed as an enuresis in the event that it happens at any rate a couple of times in a month without recognizable physiological reason. It has been talked about that nighttime enuresis causes numerous mutual and mental quandaries as the kids won't have any desire to go through the night from home because of dread of shame. Lemelin and Lemelin (1989) portrays the consequences of utilizing numerous types of treatment in managing nighttime enuresis and have distinguished that enuresis alert is the best treatment accessible. As per Schmitts clarification (as refered to in Lemelin, 1989) clarified how enuresis caution works and its relationship with the standards of traditional molding. An enuresis alert is appended to the front part of the childs clothing making it advantageous to be conveyed along during voyaging. At the point when a couple of pee beads fall on the gadget, the two terminals get associated setting off the alert. The sound made stirs the youngster, which consequently prompts the kid to control the bladder and stop the way toward peeing. At that point, the kid can go to the latrine to finish the pee procedure. The adequacy of this treatment may be seen with different preliminaries like the instance of Ivan Pavlovs hounds. Starting stages (half a month), the kid would just be alert once the p erson has totally peed. A little while from that point onward, the youngster would wake up partially through the way toward peeing because of the caution, subsequently empowering the kid to get the bladder muscles to stop pee, and proceed in the latrine. Because of rehashing this procedure, over the long haul the youngster will wake up by the minor sentiment of needing to pee instead of the sound created by the alert after pee. The condition improves in one month and complete fix is accomplished inside three to four months. Anyway the youngster should put on the clothing with the enuresis alert until dry evenings are accomplished successively for three weeks. first Step Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Caution (sound) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCR) Awakening second Step UCS (on numerous occasions) combined with Caution (sound) Nonpartisan Stimulus to Conditioned Improvement (CS) Full bladder (need to pee) Adapted Response (CR) Awakening Numerous investigations have discovered that the utilization of enuresis alert has helped youngsters experiencing any type of enuresis, for example, nighttime enuresis and monosymtomatic nighttime enuresis. Ozgur, Ozgur, Dogan and Orun (2009) has led an investigation on the viability of enuresis alert in helping 40 kids ages 6 to 16 years of age with monosymptomatic nighttime enuresis to the degree of bed-wetting at any rate multiple times in seven days. All the members were advised to utilize the caution for 12 weeks. The guardians and kids were demonstrated how the caution responds to pee. They possibly thought to be a people treatment as being effective on the off chance that they figured out how to keep their bed dry for 14 days continously. In the interim, an individual is said to have backslid in the event that they wet their bed one night or more in seven days. The outcomes after the underlying 12 weeks of utilizing the alert demonstrated that 27 out of 40 patients kept their beds dry effectively. During the three-month follow-up of as yet utilizing the alert at sleep time, it was discovered that solitary 9 of the underlying achievers remained dry, while 18 of them backslid. In the ensuing three-month development, 7 of the 18 backslid members demonstrated victories. At long last after an additional three months, out of the 7 fruitful members, 4 of them accomplished dry evenings. Altogether, 13 of them remained dry and figured out how to get their enuresis rewarded. This framework works similarly as clarified by Schmitts clarification (as refered to in Lemelin, 1989). The aftereffects of this examination are viewed as acceptable by Rocha, Costa and Silvares (2008). They clarified that during a significant stretch of treatment utilizing caution, the familys level of inspiration, financial status and conditions at home assume a tremendous job in keeping things reliable given that the alert must be utilized day by day as a general rule. Enuresis can be bette r overseen without the dependence of drug as peeing is an ordinary real capacity that should be controlled regularly during rest and as such the utilization of enuresis caution is a superior long haul arrangement as it is done for significant stretch of time. Inevitably the youngster will figure out how to wake up from rest the exact instant the sentiment of voiding shows up, which is the typical reaction anticipated from the human physiological framework. Notwithstanding the investigation above, Berg, Forsythe and McGuire (1982) directed an examination on 54 youngsters (35 young men and 9 young ladies) on how they reacted with the cushion and chime framework for at first a month prior broadening their treatment for an additional five months. The cushion and ringer framework works similarly as the enuresis caution where the alert, which is the unconditioned improvement incites a reaction of awakening (unconditioned reaction). After some time, when full bladder (impartial boost) is matched with the ringer sound delivered by the cushion and chime framework, the full bladder turns into the molded upgrade for the adapted reaction of awakening. They were likewise intrigued to contemplate the impacts of Maximum Functional Bladder Capacity (MBC) and the childs full of feeling issues utilizing the Rutter A (parent) Scale to decide the result of the treatment for enuresis. Before the cushion and ringer framework was acquainted with the youngste rs, they were wetting their beds at evenings at a normal of multiple times in 28 days. Nonetheless, after the cushion and ringer approach, on normal the kids were found to just wet their beds roughly multiple times in about a month. Their treatment approach in managing the childrens enuresis worked for 34 out of the 54 kids, which could be considered as a 63% achievement rate. They additionally found that those kids who had bombed in reacting to the treatment had higher scores on the Rutter A Scale demonstrating the degree of the childrens enthusiastic precariousness. In this way it could be comprehended that the staying 20 youngsters who didn't react to the treatment might be influenced inwardly, in this manner forestalling them to react like different kids who are experiencing nighttime enuresis. In spite of the fact that it has been demonstrated that enuresis caution has been viable for some youngsters, the way that each kid is experiencing contrast conditions must be contemplate d, and along these lines expecting a summed up reaction may not be exact. Given the correct methodology and condition, each youngster will have the option to react emphatically towards the treatment for enuresis utilizing the caution framework. The child rearing style is additionally similarly significant, given the job of guardians in awakening the kid when the alert beginnings before all else stages. In families that training careless child rearing, it is improbable for the guardians to step up to the plate and wake up and alert the youngster. In that capacity, these elements ought to likewise be considered to survey the adequacy of the treatment of enuresis utilizing the alert framework. The following territory that generally utilizes the standards of old style molding is the promoting segment. Gorn (1982) directed an examination on 244 understudies to comprehend the impacts of outer factors, for example, mood melodies and setting to impact the attractiveness of an item. He discloses that individuals will in general react emphatically towards an item that is being promoted if the ad grabs their eye and makes a charming inclination by method of eye-getting hues, beautiful music and funniness. Along these lines, the highlights of the promotion go about as unconditioned improvement, while, the item goes about as an adapted boost subsequent to watching them together on various occasions to create a nice sentiment (unconditioned and molded

Advantages and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(83) It is conceivable to change the hereditary qualities of wheat plants to develop insulin for example. Hereditary Engineering: Advantages and Disadvantages article. During the last stage phases of the twentieth century, man saddled the intensity of the iota, and not long after, before long understood the intensity of qualities. Hereditary designing will turn into a very standard piece of our lives at some point or another, in light of the fact that there are such a significant number of conceivable outcomes focal points (and disservices) included. We will compose a custom paper test on Favorable circumstances and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering Essay or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Here are only a portion of the points of interest : Ailment could be forestalled by distinguishing individuals/plants/creatures that are hereditarily inclined to certain inherited ailments, and getting ready for the inescapable. Additionally, irresistible illnesses can be treated by embedding qualities that code for antiviral proteins explicit to every antigen. Creatures and plants can be ‘tailor made’ to show attractive qualities. Qualities could likewise be controlled in trees for instance, to assimilate more CO2 and lessen the danger of a dangerous atmospheric devation. Hereditary Engineering could increment hereditary decent variety, and produce increasingly variation alleles which could likewise be traversed and embedded into different species. It is conceivable to modify the hereditary qualities of wheat plants to develop insulin for instance. You read Focal points and Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering Essay in class Article models obviously there are different sides to the coin, here are some potential inevitabilities and detriments. Nature is an incredibly intricate between related chain comprising of numerous species connected in the evolved way of life. A few researchers accept that presenting hereditarily altered qualities may have an irreversible impact with outcomes yet obscure. Hereditary designing outskirts on numerous ethical issues, especially including religion, which addresses whether man has the option to control the laws and course of nature. Hereditary building might be probably the best forward leap in late istory close by the revelation of the iota and space flight, in any case, with the above consequences and realities above close by, governments have created enactment to control what kind of tests are finished including hereditary designing. In the UK there are severe laws precluding any examinations including the cloning of people. Be that as it may, throughout the years here are a portion of the exploratory ‘breakthroughs’ made conceivable by hereditary building. At the Roslin Institute in Scotland, researchers effectively cloned a precise of a sheep, named ‘Dolly’. This was the primary fruitful cloning of a creature, and in all probability the principal event of two life forms being hereditarily indistinguishable. Note : Recently the sheep’s wellbeing has crumbled unfavorably Researchers effectively controlled the hereditary arrangement of a rodent to grow a human ear on its back. (Abnormal, yet to imitate human organs for clinical purposes) Most questionably, and possibly due Essay point: focal points and inconveniences of hereditary building. Talk about The advancement of hereditary designing has expanded outstandingly over the most recent couple of years. A few people bolster the interest in this field while others are against to. In this paper I will dive into the two sides before shaping a conclusion. Hereditary building is the way toward controlling the qualities of a life form. Individuals supporting it use contend that for example ranchers could have crops progressively impervious to bugs and maladies, and numerous hereditarily altered harvests can become quicker. These focal points can be incredibly constructive for food creation in creating countries where individuals starve. More quickly developing oats, leafy foods would mean more benefit. Besides, a few prescriptions and antibodies are acquired toss hereditary designing procedure. A significant advancement that hereditary designing can bring to society is that some acquired infections would not exist anymore. A few qualities can be adjusted before an infant is brought into the world improving its future. It could be said then that hereditary building may fix a few ailments. Anyway there are moral worries about it use. A few scientists caution about the calamity outcomes to the Earth. They state that hereditarily changed yields can influence truly entire biological systems as the evolved way of life can be broken if crops are increasingly impervious to predators. Moreover, a few people are unequivocally against to human hereditary building as guardians should pick their children’s qualities. They bolster this contention saying that it would be unnatural and in certain religions would be unsatisfactory. Society a human development would change totally. To summarize, the two sides have solid contentions to help their assessments. Most definitely hereditary designing can bring to people longer and more beneficial lives. Anyway there is a flimsy line between what is moral and what not What are the detriments of hereditary designing? * 5 years prior Best Answerâ †Chosen by Voters 1. likely it would be exorbitant 2. a solitary error has crushing repercussions 3. it verges on the issue of morals and profound quality 4. an expanding interest for hereditary adjustment which effetively builds dissatisfaction for oneself or for the first hereditary arrangement of a life form 5. prospect of making new species may make normal uneven characters particularly on the environments and taking care of propensities for different creatures (by making another species, rivalry may emerge, or it may be a predator to a prey who are as of now jeopardized, or for its own endurance, it may need to demolish the living spaces of others) 6. nexpected however undetected changes can by and large modify the future in horrendous manners. What are the preferences and weaknesses of hereditary building? Answer: points of interest: 1. Sickness could be forestalled by recognizing individuals/plants/creatures that are hereditarily inclined to certain genetic illnesses, and getting ready for the unavoidable. Likewise, irresistible ailments can be treated by embedding qualities that code for antiviral proteins explicit to every antigen. 2. Another of hereditary designing is that maladies could be forestalled by recognizing individuals that are hereditarily inclined to certain innate sicknesses, and getting ready for he inescapable. Just as forestalling ailment, with hereditary building irresistible maladies can be treated by embedding qualities that code for antiviral proteins explicit to every antigen 3. Creatures and plants can be ‘tailor made’ to show alluring attributes. Qualities could likewise be controlled in trees for instance, to assimilate more CO2 and lessen the danger of a dangerous atmospheric devation. 4. Hereditary Engineering could increment hereditary decent variety, and produce progressively variation alleles which could likewise be traversed and embedded into different species. It is conceivable to adjust the hereditary qualities of wheat plants to develop insulin for instance. 5. Another preferred position of hereditary building is that creatures and plants can be made to have attractive qualities which could help tackle a portion of the world’s issues. For instance in trees, qualities could be controlled to assimilate more carbon dioxide. This would help decrease an Earth-wide temperature boost, and along these lines take care of perhaps the most serious issue earth faces. Impediments: 1. Nature is an incredibly mind boggling between related chain comprising of numerous species connected in the evolved way of life. A few researchers accept that presenting hereditarily altered qualities may have an irreversible impact with results yet obscure. 2.Genetic building outskirts on numerous ethical issues, especially including religion, which addresses whether man has the option to control the laws and course of nature. 3. Another motivation behind why individuals imagine that utilizing hereditarily adjusted harvests and plants is a detriment is that they figure it will expand our dependence on pesticides, which harmfully affect the earth. 4. Another weakness of Genetic Engineering is Genetic building fringes on numerous ethical issues, especially including religion, which addresses whether man has the option to control the laws and course of nature. Likewise it brings into question Darwin’s hypothesis of â€Å"the endurance of the fittest†, if this hypothesis has worked throughout the most recent 20 centuries , why change it? †¦ exploratory ‘breakthroughs’ made conceivable by hereditary designing. 1. At the Roslin Institute in Scotland, researchers effectively cloned a precise of a sheep, named ‘Dolly’. This was the primary fruitful cloning of a creature, and in all probability the main event of two living beings being hereditarily indistinguishable. Note : Recently the sheep’s wellbeing has decayed inconveniently 2. Researchers effectively controlled the hereditary grouping of a rodent to grow a human ear on its back. Bizarre, however to repeat human organs for clinical purposes)â Most disputably, and possibly because of increasingly liberal laws, an American researcher is presently leading tests to clone himself. Hereditary Engineering Advantages ; Disadvantages During the last stage phases of the twentieth century, man saddled the intensity of the molecule, and not long after, before long understood the intensity of qualities. Hereditary designing will turn into a very standard piece of our lives sometime, in light of the fact that there are such huge numbers of conceivable outcomes focal points (and weaknesses) included. Here are only a portion of the focal points : * Disease could be forestalled by identifying individuals/plants/creatures that are hereditarily inclined to certainâ hereditaryâ diseases, and planning for the unavoidable. Likewise, irresistible sicknesses can be treated by embedding qualities that code for antiviral proteins explicit to every antigen. * Animals and plants can be ‘tailor made’ to show attractive qualities. Qualities could likewise be controlled in trees for instance, to ingest more CO2 and lessen the danger of a dangerous atmospheric devation. Hereditary Engineering c

Conditioned Response in Classical Conditioning

Conditioned Response in Classical Conditioning Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Conditioned Response in Classical Conditioning By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 11, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 01, 2020 Vstock LLC / Tetra images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Conditioned Responses Classical Conditioning Identify the Responses Extinction View All Back To Top In  classical conditioning, the  conditioned response  is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. For example, the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, a feeling of hunger in response to the smell is an unconditioned response, and the sound of a whistle when you smell the food is the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle. While studying classical conditioning, you might find it helpful to remember that the conditioned response is the  learned reflexive response. The classical conditioning process is all about pairing a previously neutral stimulus with another stimulus that naturally produces a response. After pairing the presentation of these two together enough times, an association is formed. The previously neutral stimulus will then evoke the response all on its own. At this point, the response becomes known as the conditioned response. Conditioned Response Examples Some examples of conditioned responses include: Many phobias begin after a person has had a negative experience with the fear object.?? For example, after witnessing a terrible car accident, a person might develop a fear of driving. This fear is a conditioned response.If your pet is accustomed to being fed after hearing the sound of a can or bag being opened, he or she might become very excited when hearing that sound. This behavior is a conditioned response.Many children receive regular immunizations, and a child may cry as a result of these injections. In some instances, a child might come to associate a doctors white jacket with this painful experience. Eventually, the child might begin to cry whenever he or she sees anyone wearing a white coat. This crying behavior is a conditioned response.A person who is bitten by a barking dog may experience feelings of fear and anxiety whenever he or she hears a barking noise. The fear that people feel when they hear a bark is a conditioned response. The Conditioned Response in Classical Conditioning Lets take a closer look at how the conditioned response works in classical conditioning. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov first discovered the classical conditioning process during his research on the salivary systems of dogs.?? Pavlov noted that the dogs would salivate to the taste of meat, but that after a while they also began to salivate whenever they saw the white coat of the lab assistant who delivered the meat. To look closer at this phenomenon, Pavlov introduced the sound of a tone whenever the animals were fed. Eventually, an association was formed, and the animals would salivate whenever they heard the sound, even if no food was present. In Pavlovs classic experiment, the food represents what is known as the  unconditioned stimulus  (UCS).?? This stimulus naturally and automatically triggers an  unconditioned response  (UCR), which in this case was salivation. After pairing the unconditioned stimulus with a previously neutral stimulus, the sound of the tone, an association is formed between the UCS and the neutral stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus begins to evoke the same response, at which point the tone becomes known as the  conditioned stimulus. Salivating in response to this conditioned stimulus is an example of a conditioned response. How to Identify the Conditioned Response Distinguishing between the unconditioned response and the conditioned response can sometimes be difficult. Here are a few things to remember as you are trying to identify a conditioned response: The conditioned response must be learned, while the unconditioned response takes place with no learning.The conditioned response will only occur after an association has been made between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus. Extinction So what happens in cases where the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with a conditioned stimulus? In Pavlovs experiment, for example, what would have happened if the food was no longer present after the sound of the tone? Eventually, the conditioned response will gradually diminish and even disappear, a process known as  extinction.?? In one of our previous examples, imagine that a person developed a conditioned response to feeling fear whenever he or she heard a dog bark. Now imagine that the individual has many more experiences with barking dogs, all of which are positive. While the conditioned response initially developed after one bad experience with a barking dog, that response may begin to diminish in intensity or even eventually disappear if the person has enough good experiences where nothing bad happens when he or she hears a dogs bark. A Word From Verywell The conditioned response is an important part of the classical conditioning process. By forming an association between a previously neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, learning can take place, eventually leading to a conditioned response. Conditioned responses can be a good thing, but they can also be problematic. Associations can lead to desirable behaviors, but they can lead to undesirable or maladaptive behaviors (for example, phobias) as well. Fortunately, the same behavioral learning processes that led to the formation of a conditioned response can also be used to teach new behaviors or change old ones. How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in Psychology

Human Relations Theories Knowing Yourself - 1417 Words

Human Relations Theories: Knowing Yourself Human relation theories communicated in this course have essential relevance and substance. Expanded themes written on self-disclosure, self-awareness and self-acceptance have shown how they can be important in one’s personal and professional life. However, unless entire populations are taught and choose to consciously apply these strategies in their interactions, an individual’s singular effort to implement is futile. It is highly unrealistic that people are motivated enough to take the necessary time and effort to learn and practice many of these ideals. While I can state that I do agree with many of the philosophies that have been noted, I do not feel that they are an ongoing functional asset to my life at this point in time. Self-Disclosure According to the writings of Reece (2014), letting myself be known by others is an area of unveiling I need to enhance. In the past, I have disclosed to others my wants and feelings, but these thoughts have not been important or made a difference to them. I am content in keeping relationships at a distance and having vague circumstantial conversations. One becomes vulnerable when they trust others. Because of past occurrences from the ill use of my personal data for opportuneness and disillusionments from professed confidences, I choose not to take this risk. Admittedly, keeping my feelings and thoughts bottled-up does produce some stress (Reece, 2014, p.165). However, dissipation ofShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagestype of knowledge is propter quid, which ask the question why or how. In this paper, I will demonstrate how Socrates, Hume and Aristotle, three well known philosophers, would explain how I acquired this knowledge in relation to the principles of right and wrong. Socrates is the first philosopher, I will discuss. 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Does the Use of the Provocation Defence Provide Justice...

Question 4 - Assess the use of the defence of provocation in achieving justice for victims, offenders and society. (10 marks) Victim – Manpreet Kaur (husband Chamanjot Singh). Murdered by her husband with her throat but eight times. Her husband claimed that she told him she loved another man and that she would have him deported back to India. He said that this was enough provocation for him to lose self control and that he has no knowledge of the events that followed him picking up a box cutter. The difficulty in assessing his guilt or innocence in this case was that there was no witnesses to the crime or the events preceding the crime and therefore it becomes an issue of whether the jury accepts the account of a single person (as the†¦show more content†¦Murdering someone may not be seen as been a proportionate response. However, recognition of the ongoing nature of domestic violence may result in the offender receiving a light sentence or even a good behaviour bond for their crime. The removal of the provocation defence may in fact disadvantage women who see no other alternative than to de fend themselves against abusive partners. However, it could be argued that offenders may abuse this defence as a means of having their sentence reduced. A problem with the use of this defence by offenders is that their victim is not present to dispute their version of events. Unless there are witnesses to the events that take place it is difficult to refute the statements of the offender that they were provoked. The defence may also (in the absence of the victim) denigrate the character of the victim in their attempts to paint him/her as someone who is highly likely to cause a loss of control by an ordinary person. In criminal cases the burden of proof lies with the prosecution and in the absence of a witness to the crime it is difficult to prove that the offender was not provoked such that an ordinary person would lose control and in turn form the intent to kill or cause really serious bodily harm. Society – There have been instances where the provocation defence has been used and offenders have received light sentences such as good behaviour bonds (GBB) with very little public outcry. One example used in theShow MoreRelatedLegal Studies Crime Notes7101 Words   |  29 Pagescriminal justice system * Issues of compliance and non compliance in regard to criminal law * The extent to which the law reflects moral and ethical standards * The role of law reform in the criminal justice system * The extent to which the law balances the rights of victims, offenders and society * The effectiveness of legal and non-legal measures in achieving justice Chapter 1: The Nature of Crime Role of Criminal Law: To protect society from those whose behaviour society has deemedRead MoreGrave And Sudden Provocation8554 Words   |  35 PagesJamia Millia Islamia Contents 1. Acknowledgement 2. Introduction 3. Offences Affecting The Human Body 4. Sections 299, 300 Exceptions to Section 300 of the Indian Penal Code,1860 5. When Culpable Homicide is Not Murder 6. Grave and Sudden Provocation (Exception 1 to Section 300 of IPC) 7. K.M. Nanavati versus State of Maharashtra, AIR 1962 SC 605 8. Laws applied in the Case 9. Summary/Facts of the Case 10. Trials of the Case 11. Proceedings of the Trials 12. Retrial under the High Court of Bombay

Discuss the Notions of Ideology and/or False Consciousnes Free Essays

â€Å"The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i. e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the Notions of Ideology and/or False Consciousnes or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (K. Marx and F. Engels. (1998) â€Å"Ruling Class and Ruling Ideas†. In J. Storey. (ed. ). Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader Harlow, Essex: Pearson, 191. ) Discuss the notions of ideology and/or false consciousness. Ideology is something that has and will be always in everyone’s life. This is a part of human life. In my essay about ideology I am going to write about Karl Marx ideas about ideology and also Louise Althusser interpretations about ideology. In my opinion they are the two that explain ideology and false consciousness in the best and most understandable way. I am going to start with Karl Marx and write about his thoughts on ideology, false consciousness and how does it fit in to everyday life. Afterwards how Althusser complicated Marx’s ideas and explained how ideology works in people’s lives in his own way. The Expression â€Å"Ideology† was created by Cabanis, Destutt de Tracy and their friends, and they defined it as an object the theory of ideas. Afterwards it was picked up by Karl Marx (1818-1883) and few years latter Louis Althusser (1918-1990) started expanding Marx ides on ideology. Main ideas on ideology by Karl Marx appeared in â€Å"The German Ideology†, that he wrote with Frederick Engels. Althusser wrote about Marx’s ides that (2001) â€Å"Ideology itself represents the â€Å"production of ideas, of conceptions, of consciousness,† all that â€Å"men say, imagine, conceive,† and include such things as â€Å"politics, laws, morality, religion, metaphysics, etc. Ideology functions as the superstructure of a civilization: the conventions and culture that make up the dominant ideas of a society. † Ideology is basically ideas of social groups. People think that something has some kind of purpose to serve them, but really it has a differen t purpose. For example police, everyone thinks that they are here to protect us, but actually their purpose is to keep us under control. The ideology is based on the ruling class and their ideas. Ruling class tries to keep everything running properly and keep people under control. It is said by Althusser â€Å"Since one goal of ideology is to legitimize those forces in a position of hegemony, it tends to obfuscate the violence and exploitation that often keep a disempowered group in its place. † For masses ideology is as a system of illusory beliefs – False Consciousness. False consciousness is a misrepresentation of different social relations between privet and public. Daniel Little (no date) wrote â€Å"â€Å"False consciousness† is a concept derived from Marxist theory of social class. The concept refers to the systematic misrepresentation of dominant social relations in the consciousness of subordinate classes. Marx himself did not use the phrase â€Å"false consciousness,† but he paid extensive attention to the related concepts of ideology and commodity fetishism. † Marx never said in his work that ideology is false consciousness, but ideology in his work can be interpreted as false consciousness in some ways. Ideology is seen as illusionary beliefs, people see things in one way, helping them, their living conditions and different organisations working for people, for example schools, clothing factories, etc. But in reality all this organisations work for ruling classes to keep masses under ruling classes power. Schools educate people to make them able to work for the ruling class in the future and keep the economy going. Clothing factories create clothes for people, and everybody thinks that their made for them to feel better, so they could go out and buy new clothes and feel happy. In reality clothes are produced to lure people to buy them and spend money, give hardly earned money back to the ruling class and most of the clothes are produced to last for a short time, so people would keep coming back and buying more. Looking through people’s point of view, ideology can be interpreted as false consciousness. Andrew Butler (2009) said in our lecture â€Å"Ideology – people doing what they’re doing without knowing what they’re doing or why. † If people are doing what they are doing without knowing, it can be translated as false consciousness. They think that they know what they are doing and why they are doing it, but actually not. Ideology is false beliefs and ideas, false understanding how world works. Louis Althusser, expanded Karl Marx ideas on ideology. Marx separated everything, he thought that superstructure has a relative autonomy with relation to the base, that superstructure is not influenced by base and other way around as well. But Althusser did not reject these ideas but complicates them, he sees superstructure and base working together, he does not separate them from each other. It was said in our lecture by Andrew Butler (2009) â€Å"Whereas classic Marxism sees the economic base as determining the superstructure Althusser sees them as having a Double function. By double function he meant that there is not a separation between public and private, everything is linked together. A good example was brought in our lecture notes by Andrew Butler (2009) â€Å"Imagine a kind of network where everything impacts on everything else. the feminist slogan the personal is political would be a good way of thinking about this. So the family – something that might seem personal or more specifically say breastfeeding might seem pri vate is in fact linked to the economic base and influenced by the superstructure. Breastfeeding could be part of a medical fad or you might do it because of education but doing it or not impacts on when you go back to work or whether you buy formula milks so it is an economic and political decision as well as a private one. † In Althusser’s opinion ideology treats people as subjects, because ideology has a material existence. Ideology always reveals through human actions and participations. For example art, art is produced for people to buy, to give money back to the country, but art is produced through another person, through hard labour and he also gets paid for it, this is a job for him. David Hawkes (1996, p. 122) said â€Å"an ideology always exists in an apparatus, and its practice, or practices. This existence is material† Ideology is an ideal idea of perfect state; it has a material existence that treats humans as subjects. In our lecture notes by Andrew Butler (2009) Althusser asked â€Å"why subjects are obedient, why people follow the laws and why isn’t there a revolt/revolution against capitalism IF IT IS NOT IN THE INTERESTS OF THE LOWER CLASSES† and he explained this through complicating Marx’s ideas by bringing in Repressive State Apparatuses and Ideological State Apparatuses. Repressive State Apparatuses can control people by force so everybody would behave in the way as the ruling class wants; it includes organizations like the police, prisons, security, etc. Ideological State Apparatuses include institutions that create ideologies on what people can act and believe, for example schools, churches, legal systems, radio, press, television, etc. ISAs acts through ideology, they tell people how to think and influence people mentally, not like RSA, which acts through violence. In conclusion I would say that Ideology is a set of ideas of social groups. People think that something has some kind of purpose to serve them, but really it has a different purpose – false consciousness. For masses ideology is as a system of illusory beliefs – False Consciousness. Though Marx never said in his work that ideology is false consciousness, but ideology in his work can be interpreted as false consciousness in some ways. Louis Althusser was another ideology theorist and he expanded Karl Marx ideas on ideology. Where Marxism saw the economic base as determining the superstructure Althusser saw them as having a Double function. That they work together, superstructure determines economic base and economic base determines superstructure. He explained this by expanding Marx’s ideas by bringing in Repressive State Apparatuses and Ideological State Apparatuses. That people are seen as subject and state has different associations to keep people under control by force, violence and also by giving people ideas how everything works and it is all meant to be for people, to make their lives better and more organised. Ideology is meant to keep people under ruling class power and order. In my opinion the ideology is working just fine, it keeps the world organised and together. Only it does it through false consciousness, lies. †¢ Hawkes, D. (1996) Ideology. reprint edition. Routledge †¢ Althusser, L. (2001) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review P. Available at: http://www. cla. purdue. edu/English/theory/marxism/modules/marxideology. html (Accessed: 21 April 2009) †¢ Althusser, L. (2001) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review P. Available at: http://www. cla. purdue. edu/English/theory/marxism/modules/marxideology. html (Accessed: 21 April 2009) †¢ Althusser, L. (2001) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review P. Available at: http://www. cla. purdue. edu/English/theory/marxism/modules/marxideology. html (Accessed: 21 April 2009) †¢ Little, D. (no date) False Consciousness, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Available at: http://www-personal. umd. umich. edu/~delittle/iess%20false%20consciousness%20V2. htm (Accessed: 21 April 2009) How to cite Discuss the Notions of Ideology and/or False Consciousnes, Papers

Use Of Indirect Message And Contrast In Poetry Essays - Rhyme

Use of Indirect Message and Contrast in Poetry Poets must utilize many tools and techniques to create a mood or convey a thought. Metaphor, simile, spacing, form, voice, and setting are all common poetic utilities. Some tools, however, are more understated. Some of the more delicate methods used by poets are rhythm, language, and the consistency of the theme throughout the poem. One work that makes use of inconsistent theme is Edna St. Vincent Millay's sonnet "Love Is Not All: It Is Not Meat nor Drink" (page 936). This poem uses indirect theme and abrupt change in message to add more emphasis the meaning of the poem. By beginning the poem with an image that contrasts the main theme, the poet is able to inflict a more vivid impression on the reader. Even the title of Millay's sonnet gives us an idea of what the poem's theme is likely to be. "Love is not all" suggests that the persona is decrying love. It prepares the reader for a put-down of love and all things romantic. Millay proceeds to use a group of anti-similes that declare what love is not; "it is not meat nor drink," therefor we presumably can not live without it. Love will not refresh you or protect you from the elements, as it is not "slumber nor a roof against the rain." She then relates love to "a floating spar to men that sink," stating that it will not support you in times of disaster. The entire first six lines generally knock love by declaring it useless and unsubstantial. After reading this the reader jumps to the conclusion that they know what Millay's message is. The turning point of the poem is the seventh line. "Yet many a man is making friends with death / Even as I speak, for lack of love alone" contradicts everything the reader is led to believe thus far. The following lines are equally contrary to the initial message. They state that though love may not be absolutely necessary, life is hardly worth living without it. The persona states that though in a time of "nagging by want past resolution's power" she could trade her lover's affection for a moment of relief, she doubts that she would. This change of message is one of the more delicate and indirect tools used to drive a point home to the reader. If we simply read the last sestet of the poem, the message seems trivial and mundane. The persona wouldn't trade her love for anything. So what. It has no emphasis, and lacks voice. The reader is left with no lasting impression. However, when read with the first octet included, the poem takes on a new importance. The sudden contrast in mood and theme catches the reader's attention. Contrast is used in all forms of art and imagery. Visual artists use contrasting colors and light and dark to make an image more independent and defined. When held to a dark backdrop, a white object appears much more vivid than it would against a light backdrop. A soft melody proceeding a loud crescendo is often used by musicians to make the latter even more impressive and overwhelming. Millay's use of contrast in this poem punctuates the message in a similar manner. The last line jumps upon the reader with emphasis. To create this emphasis, she employs inconsistent line structure and rhyme scheme in addition to the theme change. Throughout the sonnet, the lines are long and full of many-syllable words. The final line, however, is very simple. It contains single syllable words, and uses no figurative language. "It well may be. I do not think I would" simply states the message. The prolific use of figurative speech earlier in the sonnet to state the opposing thought makes this line more memorable and powerful. This line does not fit into the rhyme scheme of the sonnet, either. Lines one through twelve follow the standard scheme of abab. Lines thirteen and fourteen, however, don't rhyme. Millay breaks away from the rest of the poem, giving the last lines independence. These techniques combine with the change in message to embed the theme deep into the reader's mind. Contrast is a very effective tool in poetry. Just